When you quote, paraphrase, or use any words/ideas/data/etc. that are not “yours”, you need to provide your reader with a parenthetical reference to show them where they can find your full citation in your Works Cited page later. This parenthetical reference (usually) includes the author(s) name(s) and the page number of your source. It can look something like these two examples:
After Smithson’s results were published, he found himself at the center of a controversy (37).
The published results created quite a controversy (Smithson 37).
Every citation on your Works Cited page should be parenthetically referenced in your actual paper, and every parenthetical reference in your paper should correspond to a full citation on your Works Cited.
Many electronic resources do not have page numbers. In this case, the use of an author name within the text is sufficient. For sources without authors, an abbreviated form of the source title should be used in parentheses in place of the author’s name.
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SOURCE TYPE |
IN-TEXT EXAMPLES |
APPEARS IN WORKS CITED |
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Source with one author |
Mushanga believes that all crimes fall into one of three categories (13). Based on the three categories of crime (Mushanga 13)... |
Mushanga, Tibamanya Mwene. Crime and Deviance: An Introduction to Criminology. Law Africa, 2011. EBSCOhost ebook collection, www.search.ebscohost.com/ssid45603%xx4 |
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Source with two authors |
Dubner and Levitt reject that assertion (229), and suggest instead… That assertion has been rejected (Dubner and Levitt 229), replaced with the notion that… |
Dubner, Stephen J., and Steven Levitt. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. Turtleback Books, 2009. |
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Source with more than two authors |
Emergency departments around the country faced significant increases in intakes in the year 2014 (Gonzalez Morganti, et al.). According to Gonzalez Morganti, et al., the results were unequivocal. |
Gonzalez Morganti, Kristy, et al. “The Evolving Role of Emergency Departments in the United States.” Journal of Emergency Care, vol. 45, no.2, Aug. 2015. Academic Search Complete, www.search.ebscohost.com/sidlhs45768. |
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Source with no author |
The book even made it to the top of many publishers’ favorites list in 2013 (“Staff Picks”). |
“Staff Picks 2013.” Publisher’s Weekly, 6 May 2013, vol.260, no. 18, pp. 26-28. Literature Resource Center, www.search.ebscohost.com/46w8nd3n0. |
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Source with no page numbers |
Some officials even plan on using shaming as a tactic to get mortgage lenders to respond (Powell). According to Powell, some officials even plan on using shaming as a tactic to get mortgage lenders to respond. |
Powell, Michael. “Billions to Fight Foreclosure, but Few New Loans.” The New York Times, 29 Dec. 2009, www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/nyregion/30foreclose.html. |
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Source with no author and no page numbers |
Medical professionals around the country have described childhood obesity as a “serious medical condition” (“Childhood Obesity”). |
“Childhood Obesity: Definition.” Mayo Clinic, 3 Nov. 2015, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood- obesity/basics/definition/con-20027428. |
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